Articles and Books

Cow’s Milk Protein Allergy (CMPA) is one of the most common food allergies in infancy, yet it remains a diagnostic challenge due to its diverse symptoms and overlapping presentation with other conditions. This article provides a comprehensive overview of CMPA—covering the immunologic mechanisms (IgE- and non-IgE-mediated responses), key clinical manifestations, diagnostic tools such as oral food challenges, and evidence-based management strategies guided by the latest updates from ESPGHAN and DRACMA recommendations. It offers practical guidance to support early diagnosis, appropriate

Human milk is the gold standard of infant nutrition, rich in essential nutrients and bioactive compounds that support growth, development and overall health. The bioactive compounds in human milk protect against infections, promote healthy gut microbiota, and aid in brain development. While current research explores the role of specific bioactives in infant health, further studies are crucial to fully understand the complex interactions among these components and their long-term impact on infant growth and development.

The gastrointestinal tract holds a central function in digestion, absorbing nutrients, and eliminating waste materials. Being the largest immune organ, it houses trillions of microorganisms which constitute the gut microbiota. Gut immaturity, especially in the first months of life, make infants prone to Disorders of Gut-Brain Interaction (DGBIs) such as regurgitation, colic, and constipation. Recent studies show that about 31.4% of infants aged 0 to 1 year visiting pediatric clinics were found to have these conditions. Given how vulnerable the gut-brain axis is perinatal period and early