Unraveling Cow's Milk Protein Allergy (CMPA) in Infants and Young Children

Cow’s Milk Protein Allergy (CMPA) is one of the most common food allergies in infancy, yet it remains a diagnostic challenge due to its diverse symptoms and overlapping presentation with other conditions. This article provides a comprehensive overview of CMPA—covering the immunologic mechanisms (IgE- and non-IgE-mediated responses), key clinical manifestations, diagnostic tools such as oral food challenges, and evidence-based management strategies guided by the latest updates from ESPGHAN and DRACMA recommendations. It offers practical guidance to support early diagnosis, appropriate nutritional management, and improved long-term outcomes in pediatric allergy care.