Brain development during the first 1,000 days is influenced by multiple nutritional, biological, and environmental factors. Growing evidence suggests that bioactive components of human milk, including Milk Fat Globule Membrane (MFGM) components such as phospholipids, sphingomyelin, and gangliosides, play an important role in supporting neuronal structure, myelination, and synaptic function. Through these mechanisms, MFGM may support key developmental processes associated with cognitive, motor, and behavioral outcomes.