Interplay Between Estrogen and the Gut Microbiome Across Female Reproductive Transitions

Estrogen and the gut microbiome regulate each other. Hormonal shifts influence gut composition and the microbiome helps to control circulating estrogen. Pregnancy, postpartum, and perimenopause each disrupt microbial balance in ways that affect metabolism, inflammation, and mood. Targeted nutrition - rich in fiber, polyphenols, and fermented foods - can support microbial health, optimize estrogen metabolism, and ease hormonal symptoms.