The Nest 49: Nourishing the growth and development of toddlers

The highest growth rates in weight and length occur during fetal life and in the first two years of life after birth and during adolescence. However, children’s growth curves vary greatly due to the complexity of factors associated with their behavior, which encompasses not only endogenous factors, including biological, genetic, and ethnic determinants, but also exogenous factors, such as nutritional, cultural, environmental, and social factors. Growth must be monitored from birth to the end of adolescence making early diagnosis of any nutritional risk possible and leading to early intervention when necessary and better outcomes in adult age.

Bone mass evolves across the lifespan but specifically increases during childhood and puberty. Bone fragility and fracture risk has been associated with high growth rate periods such as toddlerhood and adolescence. Adequate intakes of calcium and vitamin D are important for healthy bone growth. Food fortification or supplements may be an effective way to reduce inadequacies. There is emerging evidence to suggest a contribution of a healthy microbiome for bone health.

Muscle is an important organ that greatly contributes to lean body mass and supports crucial functions of the body such as locomotion and respiration but has also important metabolic roles including glycemic control and whole-body energy and protein metabolism. Childhood is a critical period for muscle growth, which contributes to healthy body composition supporting optimal activity in kids and healthier future.

Micronutrients are essential components to promote adequate growth and development in the pediatric stage. Various micronutrients play key roles in the immune system, helping to lower resistance to infection . A correct diet in the first years of life will have a positive impact on the neurodevelopment of children.