Human Milk Oligosaccharides Support Coordinated Microbiome and Immune Development and Function in Infancy

Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) modulate the microbiome and immune development of infants via multiple mechanisms. Supplementing formula with synthetic human-identical milk oligosaccharides (HiMOs) may provide formula-fed infants with the benefits of human milk. In clinical trials, infants receiving formula supplemented with HiMOs have demonstrated immune benefits and protection from infections. These benefits are amplified in formulas containing higher concentrations and greater varieties of HiMOs. Further research is required to determine long- and short-term outcomes.